The soil moisture sensor makes use of 2 x probes in order to measure the content of Water/Soil Moisture. By passing a current between the probes the resistance value is used to determine moisture content.
Depending on the amount of water, the soil conducts electricity which means depending on the resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be determined. Dry soil conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will conduct less electricity because there will be more resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be lower. The opposite will happen if moisture level is high in the soil.
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